Reviews on Quasinormal Modes

“Over twenty years ago Regge & Wheeler (1957) pioneered in the use of perturbation methods to study black hole dynamics. I find it remarkable that after all of this time the subject is still yielding interesting information and has ample opportunities for research projects.”

— S. L. Detweiler, 1978

These are all the reviews on quasinormal modes that I know of!

  1. S. L. Detweiler, “Black holes and gravitational waves: Perturbation analysis”, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Sources of Gravitational Radiation, Seattle, WA, USA, July 24 – August 4, 1978, edited by L. L. Smarr, Cambridge University Press, 1979.
  2. K. D. Kokkotas and B. G. Schmidt, “Quasinormal modes of stars and black holes”, Living Rev. Rel. 2, 2 (1999).
  3. H.-P. Nollert, “Quasinormal modes: the characteristic ’sound’ of black holes and neutron stars”, Classical and Quantum Gravity 16, R159 (1999).
  4. N. Andersson, “Black hole dynamics: a survey of black hole physics from the point of view of perturbation theory”, Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 20, 269 (1999).
  5. N. Andersson and B. P. Jensen, “Chapter 5.1.1 - Scattering by black holes.”, in Scattering: Methods, Theory and Applications, edited by R. Pike and P. Sabatier, 1607 (2000).
  6. I. Sachs, “Quasinormal modes”, Fortsch. Phys. 52, 667 (2004).
  7. E. Berti, “Black hole quasinormal modes: hints of quantum gravity?”, Conf. Proc. C 0405132, 145 (2004).

  8. V. Cardoso, “Acoustic black holes,” New Worlds in Astroparticle Physics: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop (Faro, Portugal, Jan 8–10, 2005), pp. 245–251, 2005.

  9. B. Wang, “Perturbations around black holes”, Braz. J. Phys. 35, 1029 (2005).
  10. V. Ferrari and L. Gualtieri, “Quasi-normal modes and gravitational wave astronomy”, Gen. Rel. Grav. 40, 945 (2008).
  11. E. Berti, V. Cardoso, and A. O. Starinets, “Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes”, Class. Quant. Grav. 26, 163001 (2009).
  12. R. A. Konoplya and A. Zhidenko, “Quasinormal modes of black holes: from astrophysics to string theory”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 793 (2011).
  13. J. C. Degollado and D. Núñez, “Perturbation theory of black holes: Generation and properties of gravitational waves”, AIP Conf. Proc. 1473, 3–25 (2012). DOI: 10.1063/1.4748529
  14. P. Pani, “Advanced Methods in Black-Hole Perturbation Theory”, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 28, 1340018 (2013).
  15. E. Berti, “A Black-Hole Primer: Particles, Waves, Critical Phenomena and Superradiant Instabilities”, (Oct. 2014).
  16. E. Berti, “Black hole perturbation theory”, in ICST Summer School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Online (2016).

  17. C. Chirenti, “Black hole quasinormal modes in the era of LIGO”, Braz. J. Phys. 48 (2018) 1, 102–109, Contribution to: BSCG 2017, doi:10.1007/s13538-017-0543-7, arXiv:1708.04476 [gr-qc].

  18. Michele Maggiore, “Black-hole perturbation theory”, in Gravitational Waves. Vol. 2: Astrophysics and Cosmology,
    Oxford University Press, 2018, Chapter 12.

  19. G. S. Arora and P. Ramadevi, “Quasinormal modes of black holes”, Resonance 25, 1353 (2020).
  20. Y. Hatsuda and M. Kimura, “Spectral Problems for Quasinormal Modes of Black Holes”, Universe 7, 476 (2021).
  21. N. Franchini and S. H. Völkel, “Testing general relativity with black hole quasinormal modes”, (2023).
  22. R. Panosso Macedo and A. Zenginoglu, “Hyperboloidal Approach to Quasinormal Modes”, (2024).
  23. M. Adamo and A. Maselli, “Astrophysical black holes: theory and observations”, PoS QG-MMSchools, 011 (2024).
  24. Kyriakos Destounis and Francisco Duque, “Black-hole spectroscopy: quasinormal modes, ringdown stability and the pseudospectrum,” in Compact Objects in the Universe, eds. Eleftherios Papantonopoulos and Nikolaos Mavromatos (Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2024). arXiv:2308.16227 [gr-qc].

  25. D. Arean, D. Garcia-Fariña, K. Landsteiner, “Pseudospectra of quasinormal modes and holography,” Front. in Phys. 12 (2024) 1460268. DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1460268. arXiv:2407.04372.

  26. J. Besson, J. Carballo, C. Pantelidou et al., “Transients in black hole perturbation theory,” Front. in Phys. 13 (2025) 1638583. arXiv:2507.16493.

  27. S.V. Bolokhov and M. Skvortsova, “Review of analytic results on quasinormal modes of black holes”, arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.05014 [gr-qc] (2025).

  28. L. Santoni, “Aspects of Black Hole Perturbation Theory”, IPhT Courses (2024).
  29. E. Berti, V. Cardoso et al., “Black hole spectroscopy: from theory to experiment”, arXiv preprint, arXiv:2505.23895 (2025).

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